and 1. Observe the diagram questions given below it. [3 Marks] RNA Nucleotides DNA Ans: LOK 4. i i. Identify the cellular process depicted in the diagram. Ans: The cellular process depicted in the diagram is transcription. ii. Which enzyme is required for this process? Ans: The enzyme required for this process is RNA polymerase. jïi. In which part of the cell does this process occur? Ans: This process occurs in the nucleus of a cell. 2. Observe the given diagram and answer the questions given below it. [3 Marks)ANS THE CEIIUIAR PROCESS DEPICTED IN DIAGRAM IS TRANSCRIPTION ​

Explanation:

there are five oceans. on the earth surface they are

1. Pacific Ocean
2. atlantic Ocean
3. Indian Ocean
4. artic Ocean
5. southern ocean

• Pacific Ocean. features are
• it is an largest and deepest ocean
• it also cover more than 30%of the earth surface
• it has more deepest trenches in the ocean

1. Solids are substances which have fixed shape and volume. 1’hey are characterised by rigidity, incompressibility, slow diffusion and mechanical strength. They are classified as:

(a) Crystalline solids

(b) Amorphous solids

2. The crystalline solids are further classified as:

(a) Metallic solids

(b) Ionic solids

(c) Covalent solids

(d) Molecular solids

3. A regular three dimensional arrangement of points in space is called a space lattice or crystal lattice. There are only 14 three-dimensional lattices known as Bravais lattices. The basic difference between the 14 Bravais lattices are the angles between the faces and the relative proportion of the sides.

4. A unit cell is the smallest unit of the crystal which when repeated again and again gives the crystal of the given substance.

5. There are three types of unit cells based on the cube. These are:

(a) Primitive or simple cube which has one constituent at each comer.

(b) Body-centred cube in which one constituent at the centre of the cube as well as one at each comer.

(c) Face-centred cube in which there is one constituent at the centre of each face as well as one at each comer.

6. A pure metal in the solid crystalline state is composed of atoms that are identical in shape and size. The identical spheres can be packed in a number of ways.

7. The number of nearest neighbours of an atom, ion or a molecule is called its coordination number.

8. In the hcp and ccp structures, about 74 percent of the available space is occupied by the spheres. In bcc arrangement, about 68 percent of the available space is filled up. In simple cubic structures, about 52.4 percent of the available space is occupied by the spheres.

9. The density of the unit cell,

d = (ZM)/(a³N)

10. Any departure from perfectly ordered arrangement of atoms or ions in crystals is called imperfection or defects. These are of two types:

(a) Point defects (b) Line defects

11. Schottky defects occurs when a pair of ions of opposite charge, i.e., cations and anions are missing from the ideal lattice. The presence of a large number of schottky defects lowers the density of a crystal, e.g., AgBr.

12. The atoms or ions which occupy the normally vacant interstitial sites in a crystal are known as interstitials. It results in increase in density of crystal.

13. Frenkel defects is a combination of schottky defects and interstitials. It occurs when an ion leaves its position in the lattice and occupies an interstitial site leaving a gap in the crystal.

14. Non-stoichiometric defects are a large number of inorganic solids in which the ratio of the number of atoms of one kind to the number of atoms of the other kind does not correspond to the ideal whole number ratio. Such compounds are called non-stoichiometric compounds.

15. When there is an excess of metal ions in non- stoichiometric compounds, the crystal lattice has vacant anion sites. These sites are occupied by electrons. Hie anion sites occupied by electrons are called F-centres.

16. Based on their electrical conductivity, solids are classified as:

(a) Conductors

(b) Insulators

(c) Semi conductors

17. Pure substances that show conducting behaviour like that of silicon and germanium are called intrinsic semiconductors.

18. When solid substances are placed in a magnetic field, they do not show the same behaviour. Depending on their response to magnetic field, the substances are classified as:

(a) Diamagnetic substances:

(i) These substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field.

(ii) The electrons are paired.

(b) Paramagnetic substances:

(i) These substances are weakly attracted by the magnetic field.

(ii) These substances have permanent magnetic dipoles due to die presence of atoms, molecules or ions containing unpaired electrons.

19. Substances having unpaired electrons are classified as:

(a) Ferromagnetic

(b) Antiferromagnetic

(c) Ferrimagnetic

Hope it helps!

Answer:

Explanation:

1. Solids:

               Particles are said to be in a solid state when they are closely packed and organised (in comparison to those in a gas or liquid) and are generally stable.Because the atoms or molecules of matter are often compressed and closely bonded by chemical bonds, solids tend to have a hard structure.These linkages might result in a regular lattice or an amorphous form.

Because of the close proximity of the fixed positions of the particles and the potent interactions between them, solids have specific volumes, shapes, and masses.

1.1 Characteristics Properties of the Solid State:

1. They have distinct volume, mass, and shape.
2. The distances between molecules are small.
3. There are powerful intermolecular forces.
4. The atoms, molecules, or ions that make them up have fixed positions and are only capable of oscillating about their mean positions.
5. They are stiff and incompressible.

1.2 Amorphous and Crystalline Solids:

               Based on the type of order inherent in the arrangement of their constituent particles, solids can be categorised as crystalline or amorphous. Since the organisation of the constituent particles is short-range ordered, isotropic, and lacks a clearly defined melting temperature, amorphous solids behave like extremely cold liquids.Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature, have a sharp melting temperature, and have their constituent particles arranged in a long-range order.

1.3 Classification of Crystalline Solids:

               Crystalline solids are categorised according to their properties.These solids are split into four types because the crystalline property depends on the type of interactions between the component particles:

1. Ionic solids
2. Covalent or Network solids
3. Molecular solids
4. Metallic solids

1.4 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells:

Unit Cell:

             The unit cell, the fundamental component of a crystal, is the smallest repeating unit of the crystal lattice.

Types of Unit cell:

              By repeatedly using a small section known as the unit cell, a lattice can be created.

The following are some of the various types of unit cells:

1. Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
2. Body-centered Cubic Unit Cell
3. Face centered cubic unit cell

Crystal Lattices:

               Atoms make up the structure of a crystal.Points make up the lattice of a crystal. A group of axes make up a crystal system.Alternatively put, the structure is an organised collection of atoms, ions, or molecules.

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१९९० के दशक में भारत सरकार ने आर्थिक संकट से बाहर आने के क्रम में अपने पिछले आर्थिक नीतियों से विचलित और निजीकरण की दिशा में सीखने का फैसला किया और अपनी नई आर्थिक नीतियों को एक के बाद एक घोषित करना शुरू कर दिया। आगे चलकर इन नीतियों के अच्छे परिणाम देखने को मिले और भारत के आर्थिक इतिहास में ये नीतियाँ मील के पत्थर सिद्ध हुईं। उस समय पी वी नरसिंह राव भारत के प्रधानमंत्री थे और मनमोहन सिंह वित्तमंत्री थे।

इससे पहले देश एक गंभीर आर्थिक संकट के दौर से गुजर रहा था और इसी संकट ने भारत के नीति निर्माताओं को नयी आर्थिक नीति को लागू के लिए मजबूर कर दिया था । संकट से उत्पन्न हुई स्थिति ने सरकार को मूल्य स्थिरीकरण और संरचनात्मक सुधार लाने के उद्देश्य से नीतियों का निर्माण करने के लिए प्रेरित किया। स्थिरीकरण की नीतियों का उद्देश्य कमजोरियों को ठीक करना था, जिससे राजकोषीय घाटा और विपरीत भुगतान संतुलन को ठीक किया सके।

नई आर्थिक नीति के ३ प्रमुख घटक या तत्व थे- उदारीकरण,

Answer:

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