Answer:
option d will be correct as zener diode can absolutely be used as a voltage regulator
Explanation:
A semiconductor device that causes the current to flow in a backward or forward direction is the Zener diode which is usually doped to a large extent and possesses a p-n junction. It is specifically designed so that the flow of current happens in a reverse direction when a particular voltage is reached. The features of the Zener diode are that it has a reverse breakdown voltage. What does this mean? Current that is conducted by the diode is constant in the reverse mode and the voltage drop is also constant, notwithstanding the amount of voltage or force applied. Hence it is thought in electronics that the Zener diode is extremely useful for voltage regulation in circuits.How is the Zener Diode Circuit Depicted?As we already know, the Zener diode functions in a reverse-bias mode. Hence, the negative terminal of the power supply is connected to the p-type material and the positive terminal is connected to the n-type material in the Zener diode. Because it has semiconductor material that is heavily doped, the diode has a thin depletion region. How does the Zener Diode Work? To enhance its conductivity, the Zener diode is doped with lots of impurities in the semiconductor material. Hence the depletion region thins out. So the application of electric fields across this depleted region is intensified even when a small voltage is applied to the system. Now, what happens when there is no biassing in the Zener diode? The p-type semiconductor material has a valence band where electrons come together. This results in zero current flow across the diode. This band is then called the valence band electron. Once external energy is applied to this valence band, electrons start making their journey from one band to the next. What is the situation when a reverse bias is applied across the Zener diode? It so happens that the diode conducts itself in a reverse-bias mode when the Zener voltage equals the supply voltage. We must remember that the voltage which is known as the Zener voltage is when the depletion region not only thins out but completely vanishes. When a reverse bias is applied across the diode, the electric field intensifies as the depletion region has thinned out. The electrons thus move from the valence band of the p-type semiconductor material to the conduction band of the n-type semiconductor material. This movement destroys the barrier between the two materials. At this voltage and level of the current field, the diode conducts the current in a reverse bias direction.
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